Professor Amanda Haynes:

I agree. Codified racism is the problem with which we are dealing. That is not always the case because as Professor Schweppe said, anti-Traveller racism continues, unfortunately, to be particularly acceptable in Irish society. Our report includes, for example, many direct quotations from Travellers who talked about members of the Garda and different people within the courts having used anti-Traveller language in front of them and racist slurs towards them. It plays a role in provocation, which also contributes to arrest rates. Codified racism is a particular problem. It is one of the reasons we need equality data. We need to monitor not what the policies say is happening but what is happening in practice. That is the nature of the work we do in the European Centre for the Study of Hate. It is about acknowledging that there is often a gap between what people do and experience in practice and what the policy states should happen. Dr. Joyce may want to come in.