Professor Brian Caulfield:

That is a very good question. I will take the transport part and, hopefully, my colleagues will be able to back me up with the other parts. In the next seven years, all we can do is build. I do not believe we will be able to deliver anything at scale that will enable us to reduce our emissions other than selling lots more electric cars. We need to start to build public transport. We need to start to build at the same level of ambition with which we built Ardnacrusha 100 years ago. That is the level of ambition we need in the country. If we add up all of the public transport, the light rail lines we plan to build by the end of 2040, that will be more than 60 km of light rail. So far we have built 25 km since the early 2000s, so that ambition is not there. In the next seven years, it is crucial that we leave transport in such a way that for the following seven years, it becomes much easier for us to reduce our emissions, particularly in public transport. It will take seven years or longer than that, for example, to build the metro. However, we should start to look at expediting light rail in Cork and at light rail in Galway and Limerick as well. We need to start looking at those projects now to get them over the line. Planning has delayed it. I will give an example, in Dublin. A 4 km extension of the green line to Finglas is going to take ten to 12 years to come to fruition. Those levels and those timelines no longer acceptable.