Dr. Elaine McGoff:

We took that directly from Teagasc research. It is published research. I have the reference in the submission. It is not our own estimate. Regarding urine patches and slurry, I am not exactly clear on the mechanism but I think basically the nitrate load in urine goes through the soil quickly because it is very liquid whereas slurry is more mixed, has more organic matter and sticks to the land more.

On moving to zero grazing, if you were only interested in nitrate and did not care about anything else, that might be a solution. However, none of us want to go there. That would be bad for-----