Dr. Peter Mock:

I will just jump in here on the embodied carbon. It is true that for a combustion engine car, the production phase only accounts for approximately 10% of a vehicle's total greenhouse gas emissions. For a battery EV, that changes about half of the emissions come from the production phase. The overall emissions of the vehicle are much lower than for the combustion engine car but the production phase, and the embodied carbon, is much more for battery EVs. I agree with Mr. Nix that the idea of introducing a tax on weight is not so much about the embodied carbon but because of the overall CO2 emissions, pedestrian safety and so on.

The labelling or the monitoring of CO2 emissions for the production phase is super complex, as Dr. Daly has said. One would really need to go many steps back in the supply chain. This is something that is under way and some manufacturers are trying to build up a system that would accumulate all these numbers. There are also governments looking into this. Such a database is being built in China. I expect that in the next years in Europe we will do much better in monitoring what are the carbon emissions for vehicles. At some point we may regulate it also but we are not there yet. We do not have good data on this at the moment and this is not something we can communicate to the customer.