Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen:

I will share an image, which shows Dr. Connolly's point. The rule of thumb is that the higher demand centres one has then the longer away production plants can be because the bigger the pipes, the lower the losses. The losses in a district heating grid is not from the transmission system. I am showing the committee a map with black lines. There are very small losses on these kinds of grids. The losses occur in the piping going out to the houses. The more densely populated the areas, then the less length the smaller pipe going into the house will be. There are many places in Denmark where there are transmission lines of several kilometres. The world's biggest system is in Moscow but the map I am showing the committee is one of the world's biggest district heating grids. It features a transmission system with quite a lot of production units on it. Misunderstanding distance is a problem because the main production can be placed quite far from demand centres.