Mr. Colin O'Hehir:

I will talk just very briefly about loss and damage then. The Warsaw international mechanism was agreed in 2013 to try to draw together a wide range of issues which can come up under loss and damage, from immediate impacts of flooding and sea level rise to slower, more gradual-onset climate change and climate-induced migration. A lot of issues are not as directly linked to the core climate negotiations. The Warsaw mechanism seeks to bring all this together. It will carry out a review of its work at COP25 in December. That will look at where it has been successful and what other issues it needs to look at. The EU is a strong supporter of the Warsaw international mechanism, WIM, and Ireland will do our bit to try to support it. It is an area where the climate negotiations need to be widened to include issues such as climate-induced migration. An understanding of the climate impact is needed in a separate space where there is also an expertise on these kinds of issues. The WIM enables the UN to function by having a specific negotiation room for this and allowing for other negotiations on the likes of Article 6, etc. Therefore, to add to what Mr. Maughan said, we support the review and will support that mechanism as the best way to try to bring these issues together.