Mr. Michael Casey:

As context, despite the reductions in Exchequer income over the period from 2007 to 2013 that we spoke about, based on analysis of the consolidated accounts of universities, total sectoral income for the seven universities actually increased over that period by about €117 million. It peaked in about 2009 and it has begun to decline since then, but over the period it increased by €117 million.

Back in 2007, based on analysis of the consolidated accounts, approximately 59.5% of total income came from Exchequer sources. In 2013 that was down to 47%. There have been concerted efforts to expand income from non-Exchequer sources and that has come from a range of places. More income is coming directly from the students with the increase in the student contribution. There is an element of that in it.