Ms Julie Inman Grant:

As someone who worked in the technology industry for more than 22 years, my view on self-regulation is that it does not work. One of the things we are trying to achieve through safety by design is to encourage a change away from the cultural ethos of moving fast and breaking things towards mindfully building or updating online services while understanding and mitigating risks, engineering out misuse and building in safety protections at the front end. The best analogy is that, more than 50 years ago, the car manufacturers really pushed back when regulators forced them to embed seatbelts but we know take it for granted that seat belts are embedded, that airbags will deploy and that brakes will work. These things are guided by international standards. If you build the digital roadways, you should be erecting the guard rails. Right now, the technology companies do not have any of these requirements and we believe they should. We should continue to push them to do better. We can do that through safety by design and by surfacing up best practice because there are good innovations happening. This is the type of change we want to see go viral. We are never going to regulate or arrest our way out of online abuse. We are talking about human malfeasance and behaviour playing out on an online platform. A combination of both is needed. A pragmatic approach should be taken to regulation, which I believe Ireland is seeking to do. I believe we have struck a useful balance. We are not trying to undermine innovation or curtail freedom of speech. In fact, the burden is on us, particularly in respect of the adult cyberabuse scheme, not only to prove that the target is suffering serious harm or distress, but also that the perpetrator intended to cause serious harm, which is a high threshold to reach. I will ask Mr. Dagg to give his input with regard to the tier system. The Deputy asked a third question but I am blanking on it.