Dr. Brian Caulfield:

The Deputy's question is very interesting. I echo the concerns Dr. Daly expressed about the embedded transport costs in owning a car. It is much cheaper to move around but the parking element she mentioned is key. We are very lucky in TCD in that 99% of people get to our campus by non-car modes, which is because of restricted parking on our campus.

I will make another point on shared mobility in suburban areas. Everybody thinks about the commute when they think about transport but that is only 25% of all the trips we make.

It feels like it is more, because it is to work and so forth, but it is 25% of the trips. The non-work trips cause the greatest amount of emissions and they are the ones we have to take out.

On the point about the vehicle manufacturers, they are making a lot of money out of this. They will be able to transition. The Deputy said that we are asking them to do an awful lot. We are asking our citizens to do even more. We are asking them to change fundamentally how they move and to do it very quickly, because policy, previous investments and previous Governments have let this slide. The real issue here is that we have to do so much so quickly.