Mr. Pierpaolo Cazzola:

I share the view that shared cars end up reducing activity. There is evidence for that. The challenge with shared vehicles is ensuring buy-in. One aspect that needs to be maximised is to focus on solutions that have increased the adoption of car sharing. There are different forms of car sharing, some of which are digitally enabled and still focus on vehicles that are used more than average. It is important to pair low carbon and digitally enabled forms of car sharing, including peer-to-peer cases. That may be something that increases adoption. Ultimately, it is all about the cost of access, whether it is the cost of the service itself or the time needed to invest in it. If that is the case, then we will end up in a situation where there will still be the barrier of choice Dr. Daly mentioned. We will still need to have an overall reduction in total transport service demand or some degree of prioritisation.

One issue that has not been addressed is the subsidisation of on-demand services. This could be a solution that helps deal with the lack of access to public transport in areas that cannot be served due to cost but still enables access to mobility. There could be scope for thinking about the way to have a tailored intervention for those areas with different types of transport on demand. In a way, that links to the concept of sharing mentioned already and it is also something that would end up being provided by vehicles that had higher utilisation rates.