Dr. Kara McGann:

I thank the Deputy for his questions. He asked about permits during Covid-19 and we have seen a real impact with the Department trying to be as engaged as it can with individuals on work permits and support them. We have seen changes to various parts of the process to try to push it out during the time to ensure people are looked after.

The Deputy asked about apprenticeships and upskilling and we are seeing much engagement on this. In the information and communications technology sector, for example, there is an apprenticeship model that is being used and we have seen others engage in the apprenticeship model. As the Deputy says, it can be challenging. In the past there has been a perception of third level versus apprenticeships and we really need to change that perception. In some cases it is with the parents of Ireland and broadening our understanding of further and higher education, including the opportunities offered by apprenticeships to earn and learn in a way that is very attractive. People can look at the opportunities this offers but there is a perception issue we must address. It is work we are absolutely engaging in at this time.

There was also a question on abuses in the area and there are fines, court appearances and engagement with the Workplace Relations Commission. Employers are precluded from the permit system for five years if found in breach of the process.