The newly declared American preference for pre-emptive strikes, set out in the Westpoint address of the President of the United States and in the strategy document the US has produced, is very different from the previous doctrines which have applied. It creates the conditions in which in future nobody will be able to predict the outcome of any international behaviour and there will be no process whereby that may be determined and no predictability as to the outcome. That will create, in international relations, the law of the jungle. The law of the jungle is not just brutal. It is unpredictable and unpredictability is the greatest enemy of peace.