The new section 83(5) changes the technical basis of the licensing system from best available technology not entailing excessive costs – BATNEEC – to best available techniques – BAT. In practice, this is not likely to give rise to significant change as the definition of BAT in section 7 of the Bill includes reference to techniques available under economically and technically viable conditions, taking costs and advantages into account. Section 83(5) explicitly requires that energy be used efficiently in the carrying on of licensable activities. This makes sense both for industry in terms of working for the most cost efficient production practices and for the environment as we seek to reduce the adverse impacts of energy use.