Moving on from that crucible of danger, Ireland continued to work towards establishing a framework to avert such future crisis points. On 1 July 1968 we witnessed the fruits of the labour of Irish foreign policy when, at separate ceremonies in London, Moscow and New York, representatives from 62 nations signed the treaty. Today 189 countries are party to the treaty, with four notable exceptions, India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. The first three never ratified the treaty, whereas North Korea ratified it in 1985 but later withdrew.

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