Mr. Paul Sheridan:

The critical factor is the design process and how it is managed and delivered. That is when you get into its design. You can either do a design and build or go employer-designed. Design and build is when a contractor is brought in and helps to facilitate the design process. In large, complex projects, ones where you really do not know what the solution is going to look like in five years' time, which is what we are talking about, you need to look at early contractor involvement.

Then, you get the constructability - whether that design can actually be constructed - which means getting in the experience of a good contractor early in the process during that design phase. That is a good approach for dealing with complexity. The design process needs to be recognised as the most critical point in a construction project to deliver success on site and get off site as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, design is not valued as much as it used to be. We have to value that and give it the time. As Flyvbjerg would say, you think slow and you act fast. That is what has to be done. Get all the stakeholders involved in that space, narrow down the risk as much as possible and then it is priced more effectively. That is how to proceed for large, complex projects, using contracts that are flexible, allow incentivisation, are balanced and allow the parties to problem-solve and work together.