Dr. John Evans:

I will say a little about recommender systems and systemic effects and then I will ask Mr. Moroney to explain, as an example, what we are doing in this regard in the electoral space as part of our electoral preparations.

Recommender systems are part of the service online platforms provide. That aspect of their service may create a risk to society under four broad headings: a risk to democracy and civil discourse; a risk to public health; a risk to fundamental rights such as freedom of speech; or a risk of the proliferation of illegal content and products online. If a platform's service, including its recommender system, presents a risk, it is supposed to mitigate that risk. If platforms do not mitigate that risk adequately, then there can be enforcement action and, ultimately, significant fines.

There are a couple of examples we have talked about. I have spoken about the open investigation on X that the European Commission has. That is in part focused on the mitigation of risk presented by mis- and disinformation. A more preventative measure is what we are doing under the election guidelines.