Dr. Ciarán Seoighe:

I will start and then hand over to my colleagues. Regarding the EU Act, I am pretty sure a number of our academic colleagues were involved and very influential. We have a strong soft power in terms of that and I will give a bit more detail on it in a second. Regarding the statement, the examples range everywhere, in terms of how people are using AI. It goes from schoolchildren using it to all the way through the education system, students using ChatGPT and the like to write essays that they are asked to do at home. Other examples are emails and reports being drafted that way. These tools are being used in an awful lot of ways. As a funder, we look out for one thing in particular. How our process works is that people write applications and submit them to us. We use international peer review on the applications. We then give a recommendation on whether something should be funded. We have to guard against getting to a world where ChatGPT or some other tool writes the application, it goes through and ChatGPT then reviews it on the other side. The recommendations could lose the human in the loop and the human checks. That is what we would be tracking against. The tools are so readily available and easily accessible to people that this is happening. I will give an example I came across. We have ways of watching and tracking for this. The publishers are looking at how people are using ChatGPT to write their articles for papers in magazines like Nature and others. There was an example where one set of researchers actually cited ChatGPT as one of the authors in one of the papers at one point. I am told that this was subsequently banned. However, it is an example of how the regulations are having to keep pace with the changing ability to use the tool. Now, people have to declare where they are using it. Occasionally, people do not and we have seen things reported in papers that get through the whole process. One one occasion, the free version of ChatGPT was asked a question and it said that it had no data beyond a certain date and it could not comment. This made it into a paper and got published. This stuff is being used in many different forms and we all need to track and guard against this. Professor Smeaton might fill in some of the detail on the EU Act.