Professor Brian MacCraith:

I thank Deputy Berry. I will start off, if that is okay, and colleagues may want to come in. We recognise there is good and bad, but ultimately, it comes down to a definition of culture. The definition we are using is the lived experience of individuals. There may be some portion of individuals who are bad but the lived experience of many can be affected by that. How those bad individuals are dealt with can actually create a culture of fear, fear of reprisals and fear of making a complaint when there is not an efficient complaints process. It is a complex issue, and that is why we have zeroed in on the complaints process as fundamental. We have it from all our engagements, without exception, that there is no confidence in the complaints process in the Defence Forces, whether it is chapter 1 or chapter 2. We have it from the Chief of Staff that there is no confidence in the complaints process. That itself creates a culture where most of the people who are offended for serious or not-so-serious reasons feel they have nowhere to go. To us, that is a major driver of the cultural transformation we need to address, and that is why there is such urgency about it, in our view. Maybe colleagues, if the Chair does not mind, would like to add something to that.