Mr. Ryan Meade:

Recommenders are one way that users find content on some of our products, like YouTube. They can also find it through search or through following topics, etc. It is a system that is valued by users and by creators because it allows them to create an audience based on the content they are producing which may be not at the very top of people's search. If it is not pop music or sport, but it is, for example, agricultural or political, a recommender system allows them to find an audience of people who are interested in that. It is an important tool but, as the Senator has indicated, safeguards are required to ensure it does not end up being harmful.

Before I ask Mr. Irwin to talk about that in more detail, I will mention that we are continually iterating on how recommendations work. Next year, on YouTube, we will be rolling out a product update which will ensure that teen users, if they are watching a sequence of videos which on their own are not harmful but in sequence may threaten to be a risk for well-being or mental health, will no longer be able to continually watch that type of content. I refer to the sort of content that may relate to body image and that sort of thing. We are definitely attending to the question of recommender systems. They are valued by users. They are important in terms of the way the systems work but there are always ways we can improve. I might pass to Mr. Irwin to mention some of the things we have done.