Mr. Doncha O'Sullivan:

There is significant disruption geopolitically in Europe and across the world, so there is clearly instability. The impact of the Russian invasion even in the region is huge. The pent up migration pressure that was there during Covid-19 has been experienced right across Europe. There are many parts of the world and adjacent to Europe that are experiencing economic disruption. Sometimes, that would be the driver for migration. The ESRI work also identified network effects. We know from our experience of migration that if people know others who have come here, managed to get settled and get things worked out, then they will naturally follow. The ESRI considers that to be an important factor. However, it is very hard to put a figure on it.