Dr. Michelle O'Sullivan:

We had two surveys. The one in 2019 was part of a broader survey that the FSU did. We had a few questions relating to surveillance in that and it received more than 1,000 responses. The main survey from which these data are taken received just over 1,000 responses. We also conducted 23 interviews with people in different occupations, for example, IT specialists and bank managers.

Wider data are limited in Ireland. I have not seen other data about the extent of surveillance. I mentioned how 40% of HR departments in international companies were using AI. According to the European Social Partners Autonomous Framework Agreement on Digitalisation, approximately 8% of companies are using machines to monitor performance. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, CIPD, which is the HR professional body for the UK and Ireland, conducted a survey in the UK recently. According to that, approximately 45% of employees indicated that monitoring of performance was taking place in their workplaces.