Mr. Dermott Jewell:

I thank the Senator. On what it costs, it very much depends on the case. One simple example I will give, and this is before anything, is an initiative taken by the Portuguese organisation just to advise the citizens in respect of their intention to take a case and ask them to opt in. The cost for the advertisement alone was €175,000. That was even before the case was taken. Some member states will take a single case in a very low court to see how the case and the argument fly, which is a smart way of doing it. It tries in some way to mitigate the cost and gauge the potential that a case will be successful or how long it will take. It informs those who want to try to plan. Obviously they need to engage with legal people who will advise what their costs and opinions would be. On the research side, there are quite a number of collective redress actions taken in member states. We could get detail for the committee on what those are. Italy and Germany have taken some, as have Belgium, the Austrians, the Greeks, Italians, Portuguese and Spanish. Quite a number of collective redress actions have been taken already.