Mr. Paul Goldrick-Kelly:

Yes, I agree with that framing. On carbon taxes specifically, you need all policy pulling in the same direction. The idea of lock-in would imply that if you have a system with a lot of inertia around it, you need every tool at your disposal to shift that. Potentially you want new infrastructures. In certain instances, lock-in can be a good thing. We want to lock in a green kind of pathway to accelerate it and give it a bit of momentum. The current crisis is showing what is needed on the energy side, namely, that we need extensive new investment and cannot be reliant on fossil fuels to this extent. It is showing that up. It is also a pressing security issue for supply in the State. To draw in some of the points that Dr. McDonnell made, it also encompasses other inducements to a positive behavioural change if, as the Chairman mentioned, there are individuals who do not have options around transport, say, where they have to bear those costs and they are inelastic. Provided there is a bit of a carrot on the other side, that is, extensive public transport infrastructure, those things paired together can begin to shift the ship and we need to be reliant on single measures such as cost.