Dr. Jim Stewart:

That was based on an excellent report by Chatham House on Russian oligarchs in the UK, where there are also LLCs. The team of experts who put together the Chatham House report concluded that it was unlikely that Russian oligarchs were using LLC structures in the UK and that it was much more likely that they were being used by criminal activities, or what the report refers to as second order actors. Where criminal assets are concerned, though, the largest ownership is by Russian oligarchs and oligarchs from other countries. These may be connected to illegal activities and assets that are owned illegally.