Mr. Ray Coyne:

Every customer who gets on an urban bus, particularly a Dublin Bus bus, has to pass a bus driver. The customer will say "Hello", or the driver will, and the customer knows that the driver is there. We have great engagement with the Garda. There is an emergency pedal on the bus if gardaí are required, but it is rare that they are. The bus is a calm environment and customers get comfort from a driver being physically present. Great strides have been made. CCTV has played a part in that, as has our work through the school co-ordinators in particular. We are nudging behaviour from a young age, which filters up through the system. That work is strong.

Paying with a debit card in London is account-based ticketing, which the NTA is introducing as part of the next generation ticketing project. That is in the zone of MaaS, but it is being done in its own right. Depending on what the NTA requests, someone could pay with a bank card, Garmin Pay, Apple Watch, a phone or anything.