Ms Elaine Dennehy:

I can answer the question on ecology and environment. There is a whole body of research and reports that I can forward to the committee as requested. That would be no problem. For example, a recent study found it expected to observe a drop in illuminated areas captured by the satellite. Among those countries observed, 20 of them had an increase of 150% or more of their light at night since the introduction of LED street lighting and outdoor LED. Another 60 countries saw increases between 110% and 150%. That research is important because it proves that light pollution continues to grow despite the transition to LED.

It is also a case of what you measure. Some people can claim to be economical due to the measurement of watts per lumen in the light fitting, but if you look at the total environmental impact, the resources used, the difficulties in recycling it and all of the disposal issues, and anything leaking into landfill such as copper and nickle, LED is not what you think it is.

We are just measuring watts per lumen. There are many other studies that I have in front of me as well and I can send that all on to the committee. This impact on wildlife, insects and nature is growing. We all need darkness at night, including animals, plants and trees.

Ms Levin may be able to answer on the design part of the question.