Mr. Olli Ruutu:

I will go direct to the question. I will outline a bit more on the way of working and Mr. Roerig will add more detail on the co-operative approach from his perspective. Our approach is very much to support concrete collaborative projects. We are working as a secretariat to the Permanent Structured Cooperation, PESCO, which I referred to earlier. Among the 46 projects that are now running within the Permanent Structured Cooperation, we have added 14 to these in November and there are four that are directly focused on improving cyber defence. We are working on cyber rapid response teams, CRRTs, and mutual assistance in cybersecurity. There is a cyber threats incident response information sharing platform. We have the Cyber and Information Domain Coordination Centre, CIDCC, and the EU Cyber Academia and Innovation Hub, EU CAIH. Some other concrete examples that I have referred to are the Cyber Ranges Federation, which has been going on since 2020 with eight participating member states, and we have a project on advanced persistent threats detection. We then have research and technology projects on cyber forensics, dynamic malware and cyber situational awareness.

As we move along in the Permanent Structured Cooperation, what we are doing is providing member states with supports for projects in the PESCO framework. One of them, which also received European Union funding, is on cyber situational awareness and is called CySAP. We have a demonstrator developed within the EDA and we are, as an agency, designated as a project manager. It is a clear example of how, from national requirements, we go to collaborative approaches and then we use the tools at our disposal to manage these projects.

In education and training, we have a cyber co-operation planning exercise called Cyber Phalanx, which has been conducted since 2018. As Mr. Roerig said, there was also a strategic decision-making exercise. We are also piloting our policies, for example, on cyber awareness "train the trainer" and the implications for Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP, operations and missions planning, and also a cyber hybrid pilot course. In addition to providing the priorities, we offer collaborative opportunities and then link that with the EU funding opportunities and, very importantly, encourage the member states responsible to co-operate more together.

These are examples of the concrete activities we have ongoing. I ask Mr. Roerig to come in on some of the other aspects.