Mr. Wolfgang Roehrig:

We are delivering civil-military co-operation in the area of cybersecurity and defence. For example, since May 2018 we have in place a formalised memorandum of understanding between the European Network and Information Security Agency, the European Cybercrime Centre in Europol, as well as the CERT for the EU institutions, CERT EU, with the European Defence Agency, to especially explore these elements of the dual-use nature of cyberspace as such and the interlinks between cybersecurity on the civil side and cyberdefence on the military side.

In addition to the preparedness part of the question, since 2014 we have been running a series of exercises, the so-called cyber strategic decision-making exercises. We have run these exercises so far with seven member states in order to train a government, with some artificiality within the set-up, on how to deal with an escalating cyber crisis. This is one of the areas where we see a lot of potential to have these kinds of exercises institutionalised for achieving a better preparedness towards the decision-making within a government in such an escalating crisis.