Mr. Caoimhín Ó Ciaruáin:

The issue around AFIR in terms of the cost implications for delivering in airports and ports is quite significant. What we are saying, and the position we are taking in negotiations, is that we want some flexibility and it is around the timing issue. When we look at subsidiarity, we want others investing to bring down the cost of deploying that infrastructure because, at a global level and a European level, the more investment in those technologies, the cheaper they become. Therefore, we are signed up to delivering them.

Penalties-wise, what the Commission is saying in the regulation is that there will be fairly heavy reporting on member states' compliance with targets and corrective actions are suggested or proposed. In terms of penalties, it is more a reputational issue.

It is more in that realm of delivering on targets, or not, on a yearly basis from 2025 onwards. That is the regime for delivering on the AFIR targets.