Mr. Eddie Burke:

I will take the first question and then hand over to my colleagues. I thank the Deputy for his comments. On the timing of the package, the main focus and intensity at EU level currently is around the alternative fuel infrastructure regulation, AFIR, and the ReFuelEU Aviation Initiative proposals. They are the two main areas of focus. We expect a possible meeting of the transport Council in early December, at which we will seek policy agreement on both of those proposals. We expect to see a discussion paper on the FuelEU Maritime Initiative proposal, because it is moving slowly. The other areas are moving at a slower pace again. The main focus will be on the alternative fuel infrastructure regulation and ReFuelEU Aviation Initiative, with the FuelEU Maritime Initiative proposal coming immediately after that. That is the current priority.

In terms of fuels, what the EU is trying to do is to stimulate the market to develop these fuels in the same way that we are developing technology for vehicles. Looking at the maritime sector, the legislative proposals are silent on the type of fuel to be used. They are neutral on the fuel types. That is because there is no predominant alternative fuel. In the maritime sector, there needs to be a complete switch from almost 99% use of fossil fuels currently to 90% use of renewable or low-carbon fuels by 2050. However, currently, the market has not determined which of those fuels will be the primary one.