Dr. Brian Caulfield:

That value is multiplied by the value of time. Everyone has a value of time associated with them. That is worked out by the average industrial wage. If people are sitting in their car, they are idle and they cannot work, that is how it is worked out. The value of time also goes to recreational and other modes of transport. As that figure comes from an Irish Government Economic and Evaluation Service, IGEES, report, it was research done by the State on Dublin. That is how that congestion value is estimated. That is how we can justify building the mega transport projects, by reducing that €2 billion.

I think range anxiety is a good thing because it makes people think about where they are travelling and whether they have enough power to get from A to B, which can be a good thing. On the EV charging points, I am going to Baltimore next week for holidays. If I had an EV I would be starting to consider where I would charge. People do know where these points are. The future is moving towards rapid EV charging points that are spread out across the country where people can get 80% or 90% charge in a couple of minutes. I have concerns on the proliferation of EV charging points across the country. Will they become our generation's new telephone boxes, when technology will get to the point where someone can get an 80% charge at a station in a couple of minutes?