Mr. Pierpaolo Cazzola:

I agree with what has been said so far. I will add one thought. In the case of Ireland, I expect that the owners or users of EVs are likely to take shorter trips. The longest trips made by Irish car owners are likely to be lower. They are shorter and cover fewer kilometres than the longest trips made by an average continental European car owner simply because Ireland is an island state and fewer long-distance trips can be made than can be made in parts of continental Europe. That means that it is possible that consumer preference may be satisfied with smaller battery packs for EVs. There could be scope to think about policies that are tailored to provide different incentives for different types of battery EVs. Vehicles with smaller battery capacity may be encouraged rather than those with large ones, which have emissions implications arising from the manufacturing of the batteries. There are also policies in other parts of Europe whereby price thresholds are used to avoid subsidising expensive EVs. This can act in the same direction and has better implications for equity. I agree with the point made regarding low emission zones in the responses to the third question on how to take fossil fuel cars out of the market. On vehicles sitting idle, this is a problem that is most pressing in areas that are densely populated. These areas are better served by public transport than areas with lower population densities. The best way to address the integration of public transport with new forms of mobility is through these avoid and shift measures, measures that have to do with urban planning, road space, location and the reinforcement of public transport services.