Dr. Catríona Cahill:

Regarding the Netherlands, we should bear in mind that the policy is quite new. It was implemented very recently but early indications suggest that, prior to Covid, it led to reduced congestion in and around Amsterdam. That said, the impact of Covid-19 is such that we have seen massive reductions overall in traffic going to airports. Therefore, it is difficult to tell right now.

Denmark has carried out studies considering the diversion of routes from Copenhagen Airport to alternative airports, such as Aalborg. It was found that there was a net passenger welfare gain of approximately 3 million to 4 million, in terms of benefits.