Mr. Tim Duggan:

These were sample cases that were taken to deal with a specific issue at that specific time. They do not have precedential value for any other cases, even cases in the same set of circumstances. For instance, if a courier were to approach the scope section tomorrow morning to seek a determination of their employment status, it would be considered de novo, from the very beginning, to use the chief appeals officer's term. The particular circumstances of that person's working environment would be the consideration in conjunction with the guidance and the case law that has emerged.