Ms Helen Dixon:

Article 9 is most certainly in scope in terms of the investigations I referenced earlier. There is no doubt that sensitive categories of personal data come into the online behavioural advertising model. On the question of fines, there have been studies done and David Wright and Paul De Hert published a book on enforcing privacy in 2016, which looked at the effects of what was a new fining regime in the UK from 2010 that applied to the information commissioner's office. It concluded that the fines made no difference. We will be obliged to impose fines where we find infringements so that is what will happen but we expect the corrective powers we apply, such as bans on processing and requirements to bring processing operations into compliance, will have the more significant effects.