Mr. Michael Nolan:

There was a series of bad outcomes on several projects in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, and the Latham and Egan reports were commissioned to look into that. The Institution of Engineers then developed a new form of contract based on those reports. It was a more collaborative form of contract, rather than the old system in which the employer designed a scheme, and the contractor got on with it and priced it, which resulted in adversarial competition and poor outcomes throughout. The new engineering contract was based on those experiences in the UK, and aimed to prevent those poor outcomes and performances on projects. That is my understanding of it.