Dr. Rachel Aldred:

On the trials and temporary improvements, there are quite a few examples. One that I studied myself was in the outer London borough of Waltham Forest where the authorities are putting in planters and bollards to remove through motor traffic from neighbourhoods. The first one was a trial and the authorities measured what happened to motor traffic, walking and cycling levels. Members of the community could then input if they thought planters were in the wrong places, or the trial did not quite work and they could move stuff around. That was a nice example of a neighbourhood improvement.

Times Square in New York is an example on a bigger scale. The authorities moved motor traffic from a big public square in a temporary manner.

There are also examples of cycleways that have been done using materials that are cheap, quick and can easily be moved. For instance, in Mexico City, many cycleways have been created relatively cheaply by bolting down these big yellow blocks to mark out the cycleway. There are many things that can be done relatively quickly and cheaply on small streets and major roads to see what happens.

Regarding the Deputy's question on rural roads, I was thinking more of active travel than buses specifically. If one looks at what has been done in rural roads-----