Gerry Horkan (Fianna Fail) | Oireachtas source

That is not really a cost. If they had not been caught, effectively, it would have been extra profits they should never have earned. In the context of the idea that there was a huge cost, there is a compliance cost and an element of compensation, which is an additional cost, and an element of administrative burden, which in some cases is quite significant. However, a significant proportion of that €1 billion relates to returning to customers money that should never have been taken from them. Professor Lane might clarify the position in that regard.