Professor Karina Butler:

On how we identify vaccine problems, in general, there is passive reporting for vaccines. Dr. Joan Gilvarry can come in on this. In some areas, we also have enhanced surveillance. For example, last year we partook, at the EMA's request to the vaccines companies, in what we call enhanced surveillance. Everybody who came in to whom we gave 'flu vaccine was given a card and number by us, there was a hotline and if they had any early problems, they could phone in. Therefore, those were categorised so that there would be an early red flag if there were any problems related to the vaccine. That is called enhanced surveillance.

However, in general, it is a passive surveillance system for vaccines. Dr. Gilvarry might want to speak to that.