Dr. Charles Larkin:

I will reply to some of the other questions. I will start with the non-economic returns. Some estimates for this have already been made by the OECD which can be found in Education at a Glance. They tend to be very high for Ireland. The estimate for 2010 is that the social contribution effect is $49,600 in public benefit for a man and $60,647 for a woman on a purchasing power parity basis. One can calculate these things but, almost by definition, they will have many strings attached because it is an implied effect. One is doing a precision calculation for these things. Looking at the US data on this, what tends to drive the US data returns is that individuals in higher education tend not to end up in incarceration. The very high returns that are typically discussed in the US are social benefits-----