Professor Gavin Barrett:

I would just raise one little point. Senator McDowell also raised this. He said there is nothing stopping countries doing enhanced co-operation. There are enhanced co-operation provisions in the existing treaties. It is true that they are underutilised but they have been used. They were used, for instance, with the European Public Prosecutor and they have been used in a couple of other areas as well. We effectively have enhanced co-operation on a number of issues. We have it in relation to the economic and monetary union and Schengen. To the extent that Ireland is involved justice and home affairs, we have it with justice and home affairs generally.